Ex 8: Bone Classification, Structure, & Relationships: An Overview

Ex 8: Bone Classification, Structure & Relationships: An Overview

This lab is designed to provide students with an overview of bones through a variety of investigative activities.
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The Objectives for this lab are:

1. To list at least three functions of the skeletal system.
2. To identify the four main kinds of bones.
3. To identify surface bone markings and their function.
4. To identify the major anatomical areas on a longitudinally cut long bone (or diagram of one).
5. To identify the major regions and structures of an osteon in a histological specimen of compact bone (or diagram or model of one).
6. To explain the role of the inorganic slats and organic matrix in providing flexibility and hardness to bone.

Hypotheses & Procedures
Part 1: Bone Markings & Classification.
If students examine a variety of disarticulated bones then they will be able to classify them into one of the four anatomical groups: long, short, flat, or irregular and point out examples of bone markings.

Part 2: Gross Anatomy of the Typical Long Bone.
If students examine a fresh cut bone as well as a cleaned dry bone that has been cut along its longitudinal axis, then they will be able to identify the major anatomical structures of a bone as an organ.


Part 3 Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone.
If students observe a prepared slide of ground bone as well as a model of microscopic compact bone, then they will be able to identify the major regions and structures of an osteon.


Part 4: Chemical Composition of Bone:
If students observe a sample of bone that has been baked then they will be able to identify the role of the organic compounds in bone because baking removes the collagen fibers of the matrix.
If students observe a sample of bone that has been soaked in acid then they will be able to identify the role of the inorganic compounds in bone because acids dissolve the calcium salts.



Materials (on lab sheet)


Experiment/Data and lab questions

Part 1: Bone Markings & Classification.

This is a picture of a long bone. We noticed a tuberosity and a crest.














This is a picture of a small bone.

















This is a picture of an irregular bone. We noticed a spine projection and a foramen.












This is a picture of a flat bone (skull). We noticed the sutures.

Part 2: Gross Anatomy of the Typical Long Bone.

Insert at least one picture your partner pointing out a specific feature of long bone. Provide a caption to identify the specific feature.

This is the spongy bone of a lone bone.

Copy/paste this image into a draw program (like MS Paint). Label the parts of the osteon that you can identify. Save the image and use it to replace the unlabeled one into your blog, .

Part 4: Chemical Composition of Bone:

Do treated bones retain the structure of untreated specimens?

Add a caption to this picture.

Describe what happened to the matrix when the bone was baked. How does this bone feel?

The bone felt brittle.

Describe what happened to the matrix when the bone was soaked in acid. How does this bone feel?

The bone felt squishy.

Optional: Include a video of your lab team demonstrating the effects of baking and acid on the matrix of bone.

Conclusion:

1. List at least three functions of the skeletal system: -Protection, movement, and support.
2. Identify the four main kinds of bones: -Irregular, flat, long, and short bones.
   
3. Which surface bone markings and their function can you identify and describe? Tuberosity, tubercle, spine, process, condyle, sinus, fossa, foramen.
   
4. Which major anatomical areas on a longitudinally cut long bone (or diagram of one) can you identify? Proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, spongy bone, endosteum.
   
5. Which major regions and structures of an osteon in a histological specimen of compact bone (or diagram or model of one) can you identify? -The main components of an osteon that are easily identifiable are the cannaliculi, the Haverian canal, and osteocytes.
6. Explain the role of the inorganic slats and organic matrix in providing flexibility and hardness to bone. - It's the inorganic substances in our bones that allow them to be hard for protection and support. The organic matrix provides cushioning and allows for some flexibility so the bone doesn't become brittle and break.